程式分析工具完整指南 - 多語言版

目錄

• C/C++ 分析工具
• Python 分析工具
• Java 分析工具
• Go 分析工具
• Rust 分析工具
• JavaScript/Node.js 分析工具
• .NET/C# 分析工具
• 跨語言通用工具
• 視覺化工具

C/C++ 分析工具

記憶體分析

Valgrind (Linux/macOS)

valgrind --leak-check=full --show-leak-kinds=all ./program
valgrind --tool=massif ./program  # heap profiling

AddressSanitizer (ASan)

g++ -fsanitize=address -g program.cpp
clang++ -fsanitize=address -g program.cpp

Memory Sanitizer (MSan)

clang++ -fsanitize=memory -fPIE -pie -g program.cpp

Dr. Memory (跨平臺)

drmemory -- ./program

效能分析

perf (Linux)

perf record -g ./program
perf report
perf stat ./program

gprof

g++ -pg program.cpp -o program
./program
gprof program gmon.out > analysis.txt

Intel VTune Profiler

• CPU Hotspots
• Memory Access
• Threading Analysis
• Microarchitecture Analysis

gperftools

LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libprofiler.so CPUPROFILE=prof.out ./program
google-pprof --pdf program prof.out > profile.pdf

Python 分析工具

記憶體分析

memory_profiler

# 安裝: pip install memory-profiler
# 使用裝飾器
@profile
def my_func():
    pass

# 執行
python -m memory_profiler script.py

tracemalloc (內建)

import tracemalloc
tracemalloc.start()
# ... code ...
snapshot = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
top_stats = snapshot.statistics('lineno')

objgraph

# 視覺化物件引用
import objgraph
objgraph.show_most_common_types()
objgraph.show_refs(obj, filename='refs.png')

pympler

from pympler import tracker
tr = tracker.SummaryTracker()
tr.print_diff()

效能分析

cProfile (內建)

python -m cProfile -s cumulative script.py
python -m cProfile -o output.prof script.py

line_profiler

# 安裝: pip install line_profiler
@profile
def slow_function():
    pass

# 執行
kernprof -l -v script.py

py-spy

# 不需修改程式碼的 profiler
py-spy record -o profile.svg -- python script.py
py-spy top -- python script.py
py-spy dump --pid $PID

Pyflame (已停止維護)

pyflame -s 3600 -r 0.01 -o profile.svg $PID

Austin

austin python script.py
austin -i 100 python script.py  # 100 微秒採樣間隔

Scalene

# 高效能 CPU+GPU+記憶體 profiler
scalene script.py

Java 分析工具

記憶體分析

Eclipse Memory Analyzer (MAT)

• Heap dump 分析
• Memory leak 偵測
• Dominator tree 分析

jmap (JDK 內建)

jmap -heap $PID
jmap -dump:format=b,file=heap.bin $PID

jhat (JDK 內建)

jhat heap.bin

VisualVM

• GUI 工具
• Heap/Thread dump
• Memory/CPU profiling

效能分析

JProfiler

• 商業工具
• CPU/Memory/Thread profiling
• Database/Web 請求分析

YourKit Java Profiler

• 商業工具
• 低開銷
• 生產環境可用

Java Flight Recorder (JFR)

# JDK 11+ 免費
java -XX:StartFlightRecording=duration=60s,filename=recording.jfr MyApp
jcmd $PID JFR.start duration=60s filename=recording.jfr

async-profiler

# 低開銷的採樣 profiler
./profiler.sh -d 30 -f flamegraph.html $PID

jstack (JDK 內建)

jstack $PID > thread_dump.txt

Go 分析工具

內建 pprof

CPU Profiling

import _ "net/http/pprof"
go func() {
    log.Println(http.ListenAndServe("localhost:6060", nil))
}()

go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/profile?seconds=30
go tool pprof -http=:8080 profile.pb.gz

Memory Profiling

go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/heap
go tool pprof -alloc_space profile.pb.gz

Goroutine Analysis

go tool pprof http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/goroutine

trace

import "runtime/trace"
trace.Start(os.Stderr)
defer trace.Stop()

go tool trace trace.out

go-torch (已整合到 pprof)

go-torch -u http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/profile

goleak

// Goroutine leak 檢測
defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)

Rust 分析工具

記憶體分析

Valgrind

cargo build --release
valgrind --leak-check=full target/release/program

heaptrack

heaptrack target/release/program
heaptrack_gui heaptrack.program.*.gz

dhat

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
// Rust 的 heap profiler
#[global_allocator]
static ALLOC: dhat::Alloc = dhat::Alloc;
}

效能分析

cargo-flamegraph

cargo install flamegraph
cargo flamegraph

perf + flamegraph

perf record --call-graph=dwarf target/release/program
perf script | flamegraph.pl > flame.svg

criterion

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
// Benchmark 框架
use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
}

pprof-rs

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
// CPU/Memory profiling
use pprof::protos::Message;
}

cargo-profiling

cargo install cargo-profiling
cargo profiling callgrind
cargo profiling cachegrind

JavaScript/Node.js 分析工具

記憶體分析

Chrome DevTools

• Heap Snapshot
• Allocation Timeline
• Memory Profiler

heapdump

const heapdump = require('heapdump');
heapdump.writeSnapshot((err, filename) => {
    console.log('Heap dump written to', filename);
});

memwatch-next

const memwatch = require('memwatch-next');
memwatch.on('leak', (info) => {
    console.error('Memory leak detected:', info);
});

效能分析

Node.js 內建 profiler

node --prof app.js
node --prof-process isolate-*.log > processed.txt

clinic.js

npm install -g clinic
clinic doctor -- node app.js
clinic flame -- node app.js
clinic bubbleprof -- node app.js

0x

npm install -g 0x
0x app.js

Chrome DevTools

node --inspect app.js
node --inspect-brk app.js

.NET/C# 分析工具

記憶體分析

dotMemory (JetBrains)

• Memory snapshots
• Memory traffic 分析
• 自動 leak 偵測

PerfView

PerfView collect /MaxCollectSec:30 MyApp.exe
PerfView HeapDump MyApp.exe

Visual Studio Diagnostic Tools

• 整合在 IDE
• Memory Usage
• CPU Usage

效能分析

BenchmarkDotNet

[Benchmark]
public void MyMethod() { }

dotTrace (JetBrains)

• Performance profiler
• Timeline profiling
• SQL query 分析

Application Insights

• 生產環境監控
• 自動效能追蹤

跨語言通用工具

系統層級分析

DTrace (macOS/Solaris/BSD)

sudo dtrace -n 'syscall:::entry { @[execname] = count(); }'

SystemTap (Linux)

stap -e 'probe timer.s(1) { print("Hello\n") }'

eBPF/bpftrace (Linux)

bpftrace -e 'tracepoint:syscalls:sys_enter_* { @[comm] = count(); }'

strace/ltrace (Linux)

strace -c ./program
ltrace -c ./program

Process Monitor (Windows)

• GUI 工具
• File/Registry/Network 活動

APM (Application Performance Monitoring)

New Relic

• 支援多語言
• 自動儀表化
• 分散式追蹤

Datadog APM

• 全棧監控
• 自動追蹤
• 即時分析

AppDynamics

• 企業級 APM
• 業務交易追蹤
• AI 根因分析

Elastic APM

• 開源方案
• 整合 ELK Stack
• 分散式追蹤

視覺化工具

火焰圖 (Flame Graphs)

FlameGraph

git clone https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph
perf script | ./FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl | ./FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl > flame.svg

Speedscope

• Web-based viewer
• 支援多種格式
• https://www.speedscope.app/

通用視覺化

Grafana + Prometheus

• 時序資料視覺化
• 監控 Dashboard

kcachegrind/qcachegrind

# Callgrind 資料視覺化
kcachegrind callgrind.out.*

Google Perftools

google-pprof --web program profile.pb.gz

最佳實踐矩陣

選擇指南

依問題類型選擇

Memory Leak

• C/C++: Valgrind, ASan
• Python: tracemalloc, memory_profiler
• Java: MAT, VisualVM
• Go: pprof heap
• JavaScript: Chrome DevTools

CPU Hotspot

• C/C++: perf, VTune
• Python: py-spy, cProfile
• Java: async-profiler, JProfiler
• Go: pprof profile
• Rust: flamegraph

Concurrency Issues

• C/C++: ThreadSanitizer
• Java: jstack, thread dumps
• Go: race detector, trace
• .NET: Concurrency Visualizer

依環境選擇

開發環境

• 使用整合工具 (IDE profilers)
• 可接受高開銷工具

CI/CD

• 自動化工具
• 靜態分析
• Benchmark 套件

生產環境

• 低開銷工具
• APM 解決方案
• 採樣式 profiler

參考資源

• Brendan Gregg's Performance Tools
• Julia Evans' Profiling Zines
• Awesome Performance Tools
• Google Performance Tools
• Linux Performance